Happy Birthday to the transistor
As an electrical engineer, I owe so much to the transistor. It ushered in the age of the integrated circuit and is responsible for the miniaturization of so much starting with the radio and the TV.
EETimes has a FANTASTIC article on the transistor. It starts with the telegraph, goes to vacuum tubes and onto where we are today.
Transistors come in many varieties, the field-effect transistor (FET) being the most important. Invented in 1960 (drawing on Shockley’s work) by John Atalla, it was at first a novelty. RCA introduced a series of logic chips using FETs, but they were used only in specialty, low-power applications due to their low speed. Everyone knew the technology would never replace the much more useful junction transistor.
Now, of course, FETs are the basis of the digital revolution. The speed problems were solved, and their extremely low power requirements made it possible to pack millions on to a single IC.
It’s amazing to thing that so much has happened over the last 100 years to change how our day-to-day lives work. In many countries, the cell phone has 70% penetration, meaning 7/10 of the population own a cell phone. The transistor allowed for the software industry to even be conceived in its current state. There are so many people in the Valley that owe their success to this invention; it’s worth the few minutes to read about the reason for our success.
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